# Supplementary Material for:  
**False Discovery Rate Estimation and Control in Remote Sensing: Reliable Statistical Significance in Spatially Dependent Gridded Data**  
Gutiérrez-Hernández, O., & García, L.V. (2025)  
Remote Sensing Letters, 16(5), 537–554  
[https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2025.2478664](https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2025.2478664)

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# 📄 Description of Supplementary Material.

We have prepared supplementary material, including data and three R scripts, to support the practical implementation of our methodology for false discovery rate (FDR) estimation and control in spatially dependent gridded data.

# 📁 Contents.

**0. `p-values.tif`**  
A raster file containing p-values from a prior statistical analysis. This serves as the primary input for:
- Assessing spatial autocorrelation.
- Estimating and controlling the FDR.

**1. `Rcode_preprocess_spatial_autocorrelation.txt`**  
Script to assess spatial autocorrelation in the dataset.  
This step provides critical context for understanding the degree of spatial dependence affecting FDR estimation and control.

**2. `Rcode_FDR_LBE_estimation_and_control.txt`**  
Implements the Location-Based Estimator (LBE) method to:
- Estimate the proportion of true null hypotheses.
- Control the FDR accordingly.

**3. `Rcode_FDR_BH_control.txt`**  
Applies the Benjamini-Hochberg (FDR-BH) procedure, assuming the proportion of null hypotheses is 1.  
This script provides a baseline for comparison with methods that incorporate spatial information.

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# 🎯 Purpose.

These scripts generate all the necessary outputs to:
- Understand the spatial context of multiple testing.
- Assist in statistically sound decision-making.
- Obtain adjusted p-values for inference.

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# 🌍 Transferability.

We hope these additions enhance the **accessibility** and **transferability** of our approach, enabling its application in **diverse fields** beyond remote sensing, such as:
- Environmental monitoring.
- Remote sensing.
- Climatology.
- Ecology.

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# 📬 Contact.

For further information, please contact:  
**Oliver Gutiérrez-Hernández**  
📧 olivergh@uma.es  
Department of Geography, University of Málaga.
